ADVOCATING FOR GREEN BUILDING MINIMUM COMPLIANCE SYSTEM IN RWANDA: USING BRICKS TO ACHIEVE SUSTAINABILITY

Ilija Gubic, Dheeraj Arrabothu, John Bugirimfura, Honex Laurel Hasabamagara, Irene Isingizwe, Azza Kagina, Afsana Karigirwa, Julie Mugema, Alleluia Mukiza, Robert Nishimwe, Willy Nshimiyimana, Armel Yuhi

DOI Number
https://doi.org/10.2298/FUACE210922006G
First page
067
Last page
080

Abstract


Development countries in Africa will see 75% increase of its current building stock until 2060 due to the economic development, rapid urbanization and population growth. Rwanda’s Third National Communication under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change estimates that the carbon dioxide emissions from buildings will increase by 574% by 2050 in the business as usual scenario. The aim of this paper puts sustainable architecture and green buildings in a context of rapidly urbanizing Rwanda, showing five recently constructed brick buildings that exploit the culture while meeting the sustainability demands of the 21st century. Global sustainability agendas are advocating for the use of brick for its durability, quality, with environmental, economic, and social benefits for construction sector. This paper provides insights on the policies, such as the Green Building Minimum Compliance System, advocating for the use of brick as a sustainable construction material. Despite the rapid urbanization in Rwanda, the existing sustainable construction practices help in reducing carbon dioxide emissions, while this paper also documents results on social and economic perspectives for the community from construction sector.

Keywords

green building, sustainable construction, sustainability, brick, green building policy, Rwan

Full Text:

PDF

References


Michieletto M. (2020). The architecture of the city of Kigali. In Sorbo E, Brusegan E (eds). An “analogous city” for Venice. Venezia: Lettera Ventidue and Universita Iuav di Venezia, 141–7.

Gubić, I., Birungi P. (2019). Rwanda kicks off annual Urban October celebrations with urban walk in Huye district. Seoul: Global Green Grwoth Institute. Retrieved from: https://gggi.org/rwanda-kicks-off-annual-urban-october-celebrations-with-urban-walk-in-huye-district/ [Accessed 24 July 2021].

Gubić, I., Birungi P. (2019). Advocating for green cities and green buildings during the “urban walk” in Kigali. Seoul: Global Green Growth Institute. Retrieved from: https://gggi.org/advocating-for-green-cities-and-green-buildings-during-the-urban-walk-in-kigali/ [Accessed 24 July 2021].

Nduwayezu, G., Manirakiza, V., Mugabe, L., & Malonza, J. M. (2021). Urban Growth and Land Use/Land Cover Changes in the Post-Genocide Period, Kigali, Rwanda. Environment and Urbanization ASIA, 12(1), S127–S146. https://doi.org/10.1177/0975425321997971.

Gubić, I., Baloi O. (2019). Implementing the new urban agenda in Rwanda: Nation-wide public space initiatives. Urban Planning, 4, 223–36. HTTPS://DOI.ORG/10.17645/UP.V4I2.2005.

Baffoe G, Malonza J, Manirakiza V, Mugabe L. (2020). Understanding the concept of neighbourhood in Kigali city, Rwanda. Sustainability, 12, 1555. HTTPS://DOI.ORG/10.3390/SU12041555.

Republic of Rwanda. (2019). Annex 3, Rwanda Green Building Minimum Compliance System. Government of Rwanda: Kigali. Retrieved from: https://www.rha.gov.rw/fileadmin/user_upload/documents/general_documents/laws_of_construction/green_building_minimum_compliance_system-official_gazette.pdf [Accessed 21 August 2021].

Anthony F Cupido, F., A, Baetz, W., B., Pujari, A., Chidiac, S. (2010). Evaluating Institutional Green Building Policies: A Mixed-Methods Approach. Journal of Green Building, 5 (1): 115–131. https://doi.org/10.3992/jgb.5.1.115.

Cidell, J., Cope, M., A. (2014). Factors explaining the adoption and impact of LEED-based green building policies at the municipal level, Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 57:12, 1763-1781, https://doi.org/10.1080/09640568.2013.835714.

Pearce, R., A., DuBose, R., J., Bosch, J., S. (2007); Green Building Policy Options for the Public Sector. Journal of Green Building ; 2 (1): 156–174. https://doi.org/10.3992/jgb.2.1.156.

Sharma, M. (2018). Development of a ‘Green building sustainability model’ for Green buildings in India, Journal of Cleaner Production, Volume 190, 538-551. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.04.154.

Arrabothu, D., Birungi P. (2019). Rwanda Cabinet approves Green Building Minimum Compliance System: Global Green Growth Institute. Retrieved from: https://gggi.org/rwanda-cabinet-approves-green-building-minimum-compliance-system/ [Accessed 23 August 2021].

Rouzbeh Shad, R., Khorrami, M., Ghaemi, M. (2017). Developing an Iranian green building assessment tool using decision making methods and geographical information system: Case study in Mashhad city, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Volume 67, 324-340, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.09.004.

Khan, M. A., Wang, C. C., & Lee, C. L. (2021). A Framework for Developing Green Building Rating Tools Based on Pakistan’s Local Context. Buildings, 11(5), 202. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings11050202.

Remizov, A., Tukaziban, A., Yelzhanova, Z., Junussova, T., & Karaca, F. (2021). Adoption of Green Building Assessment Systems to Existing Buildings under Kazakhstani Conditions. Buildings, 11(8), 325. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings11080325.

Hikmat H. Ali, H., H., Al Nsairat, F., S. (2009). Developing a green building assessment tool for developing countries – Case of Jordan, Building and Environment, Volume 44, Issue 5, 1053-1064. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2008.07.015.

Ahn, H. Y., Pearce, R. A., Wang, Y., Wang, G. (2013). Drivers and barriers of sustainable design and construction: The perception of green building experience. International Journal of Sustainable Building Technology and Urban Development, 4 (1), 35-45. https://doi.org/ 10.1080/2093761x.2012.759887.

Chan, A. P. C., Darko, A., & Ameyaw, E. E. (2017). Strategies for Promoting Green Building Technologies Adoption in the Construction Industry—An International Study. Sustainability, 9(6), 969. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su906096.

Darko, A., Zhang, C., Chan, P., C., A. (2017). Drivers for green building: A review of empirical studies. Habitat International, 60, 34-49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2016.12.007.

Zhang, Y., Kang, J., & Jin, H. (2018). A Review of Green Building Development in China from the Perspective of Energy Saving. Energies, 11(2), 334. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11020334.

Wang, H., Chiang, P.-C., Cai, Y., Li, C., Wang, X., Chen, T.-L., Wei, S., et al. (2018). Application of Wall and Insulation Materials on Green Building: A Review. Sustainability, 10(9), 3331. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10093331.

Chung-Feng, J., K., Chieh-Hung, L., Ming-Wen, H. (2016). Analysis of intelligent green building policy and developing status in Taiwan, Energy Policy, Volume 95, 291-303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2016.04.046.

Zepeda-Gil, C., & Natarajan, S. (2020). A Review of “Green Building” Regulations, Laws, and Standards in Latin America. Buildings, 10(10), 188. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings10100188.

Government of Rwanda. (2018). Third National Communication Under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (U.N.F.C.C.C). Ministry of Environment, Rwanda Environment Management Authority: Kigali. Retrieved from: http://climateportal.rema.gov.rw/sites/default/files/rwanda%20third%20national%20communication%20to%20the%20unfccc.pdf [Accessed 24 August 2021].

Edwin H.W. Chan, H., W., E., Qian, K., Q., Lam, T., I., P. (2009). The market for green building in developed Asian cities—the perspectives of building designers, Energy Policy, Volume 37, Issue 8, 3061-3070. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2009.03.057.

Häkkinen, T., Belloni, K. (2011). Barriers and drivers for sustainable building, Building Research & Information, 39:3, 239-255, https://doi.org/10.1080/09613218.2011.561948.

Albert Ping Chuen Chan C., P., A., Darko, A., Olanipekun, O., A., Ameyaw, E., E. (2018) Critical barriers to green building technologies adoption in developing countries: The case of Ghana, Journal of Cleaner Production, Volume 172, 1067-1079, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.10.235.

Fan, K., Chan, E. H. W., & Chau, C. K. (2018). Costs and Benefits of Implementing Green Building Economic Incentives: Case Study of a Gross Floor Area Concession Scheme in Hong Kong. Sustainability, 10(8), 2814. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10082814.

Qian, Q., Chan, E., & Khalid, A. (2015). Challenges in Delivering Green Building Projects: Unearthing the Transaction Costs (TCs). Sustainability, 7(4), 3615–3636. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su7043615.

Republic of Rwanda. (2020). Updated nationally determined contribution. Retrieved from: http://climateportal.rema.gov.rw/sites/default/files/rwanda_updated_ndc_may_2020_0.pdf [Accessed 24 August 2021].

Cheong C, Storey D. (2019). GGGI Technical Report No. 4. Meeting Global Housing Needs with Low-Carbon Materials. Retrieved from: https://gggi.org/site/assets/uploads/2020/10/meeting-global-housing-needs-with-low-carbon-materials.pdf [Accessed 01 September 2021].

Republic of Rwanda. (2017). Ministry of Trade and Industry, Made in Rwanda Policy. Retrieved from: https://rwandatrade.rw/media/2017%20minicom%20made%20in%20rwanda%20policy%20(1).pdf [Accessed 24 August 2021].

Centre for Affordable Housing Finance in Africa. (2019). Assessing Rwanda’s affordable housing sector. Retrieved from: https://housingfinanceafrica.org/app/uploads/cahf-rwanda-hevc-and-hcb-final.pdf [Accessed 24 August 2021].

Swiss Resource Centre and Consultancies for Development. (2017).Modern Brick Construction Systems, a catalogue of affordable solutions, Made in Rwanda. Retrieved from: http://madeingreatlakes.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/cat-modern-brick-solutions-draft-third-edition-beta-version2.pdf [Accessed 24 August 2021].

City of Kigali. (2020). Zoning Regulations, Kigali Master Plan 2050. Retrieved from: https://masterplan2020.kigalicity.gov.rw/portal/sharing/rest/content/items/b9e31b07d8684053b0f3eac8649e1213/data [Accessed 24 August 2021].

Arrabothu, D., Birungi P. (2019). Awareness workshop on the newly approved Rwanda Green Building Minimum Compliance System for architects. Retrieved from: https://gggi.org/awareness-workshop-on-the-newly-approved-rwanda-green-building-minimum-compliance-system-workshop-for-architects/ [Accessed 24 August 2021].

Arrabothu, D., Birungi P. (2020). Engineers from IER trained on Rwanda Green Building Minimum Compliance System and Templates at the Continuous Professional Development Workshop. Retrieved from: https://gggi.org/engineers-trained-on-the-rwanda-green-building-minimum-compliance-system-and-templates-at-the-continuous-professional-development-workshop/ [Accessed 24 August 2021].

Momcilovic-Petronijevic A, Toplicic-Curcic G, Curcic A. (2018). Architecture and ceramic materials, development through time: adobe and brick. Facta Universitatis: Series Architecture and Civil Engineering, 16, 387–400. https://doi.org/10.2298/fuace180521016m.

Joglekara SN, Kharkar RA, Mandavgane SA et al. (2018). Sustainability assessment of brick work for low-cost housing: A comparison between waste based bricks and burnt clay bricks. Sustainable Cities and Society, 37, 396–406. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2017.11.025.

Li, Y., Yang, L., He, B. & Zhao, D. (2014). Green building in China: Needs great promotion, Sustainable Cities and Society, Volume 11, 1-6. HTTPS://DOI.ORG/10.1016/J.SCS.2013.10.002.

Weidong Chen, Liming Li. (2021). Incentive contracts for green building production with asymmetric information. International Journal of Production Research, 59:6, 1860-1874. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207543.2020.1727047.

Windapo, A. (2014). Examination of Green Building Drivers in the South African Construction Industry: Economics versus Ecology. Sustainability, 6(9), 6088–6106. https://doi.org/10.3390/su6096088.

Olubunmi Olanipekun, A., Albert P C Chan, C. P. A., Xia, B. & Adewumi Adedokun, O. (2018). Applying the self-determination theory (SDT) to explain the levels of motivation for adopting green building. International Journal of Construction Management, 18:2, 120-131. https://doi.org/ 10.1080/15623599.2017.1285484.

Darko, A., Chuen Chan, A., P., Ameyaw, E., E., He, B., Olanipekun, A., O. (2017). Examining issues influencing green building technologies adoption: The United States green building experts’ perspectives, Energy and Buildings, Volume 144, 320-332. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2017.03.060.

Darko, A., Chuen Chan, P. A., Gyamfi, S., Olanipekun, O. O. A., He, B., Yu, Y. (2017). Driving forces for green building technologies adoption in the construction industry: Ghanaian perspective, Building and Environment, Volume 125, 206-215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2017.08.053.

Giesekam, J., Barrett, R., J., Taylor, P. (2016). Construction sector views on low carbon building materials. Building research & information, Vol. 44, No. 4, 423–444, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09613218.2016.1086872.

Zhang, Y., Wang, H., Gao, W., Wang, F., Zhou, N., Kammen, D. M., & Ying, X. (2019). A Survey of the Status and Challenges of Green Building Development in Various Countries. Sustainability, 11(19), 5385. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11195385.

Jian Zuo, J., Zhao, Z. (2014). Green building research–current status and future agenda: A review, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Volume 30, 271-281. HTTPS://DOI.ORG/10.1016/J.RSER.2013.10.021.

Wang, W., Zhang, S., Su, Y., & Deng, X. (2018). Key Factors to Green Building Technologies Adoption in Developing Countries: The Perspective of Chinese Designers. Sustainability, 10(11), 4135. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10114135.

Xianbo Zhao, X., Zuo, J., Wu, G. & Huang, C. (2019). A bibliometric review of green building research 2000–2016, Architectural Science Review, 62:1, 74-88. https:// doi.org/10.1080/00038628.2018.1485548.

Kitchin J. (2021). Deriving embodied carbon factors from scratch. Retrieved from: https://www.istructe.org/sitefiles/handlers/downloadfile.ashx?productid=9957 [Accessed 24 August 2021].

MASS Design Group. (2019). Mission. Retrieved from: https://massdesigngroup.org/about [Accessed 12 April 2019].

Archdaily. (2013). Umubano primary school. Retrieved from: https://www.archdaily.com/372709/umubano-primary-school-mass-design-group [Accessed 20 May 2019].

Designboom. (2013). MASS Design Group: Umubano primary school, Kigali, Rwanda. Retrieved from: https://www.designboom.com/architecture/mass-design-group-umubano-primary-school-kigali-rwanda [Accessed 20 May 2019].

Nonko, E. (2016). Sharon Davis designs buildings that look good and do great. Retrieved from: https://archive.curbed.com/2016/11/15/13600386/sharon-davis-design-architect [Accessed 24 August 2021].

ASA Studio. (2017). Rugerero Health Center. Retrieved from: https://www.archdaily.com/935298/rugerero-health-center-asa-studio. [Accessed 24 August 2021].


Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


ISSN 0354-4605 (Print)
ISSN 2406-0860 (Online)
COBISS.SR-ID 98807559