RISK FACTORS AND INDICATORS OF CARDIOVASCULAR ILLNESSES IN LATE ADOLESCENT PERIOD
Abstract
Epidemiological studies of previous decades indicate that cardiovascular illnesses present a dominant part of the structure of mortality in the majority of developed countries in the world. The goal of this research was to establish the most common risk factors of this group of illnesses, as well as statistically significant differences and correlations between risk factors and cardiovascular illnesses in the late adolescent period. A cross-study was performed in three high school graduate classes in Serbia (Valjevo), in April 2015, on an incidental sample of 240 subjects of both genders, aged (19 ± 0.5 years). A statistically significant difference in the frequency of hypertension in male adolescents (2.54%) and female adolescents (0.0%) was not established. Obesity was significantly more manifested in male graduates (6.93%), with a significant level, than in female graduates (1.10%). Abdominal obesity is, with a confidence interval – range (99% CI), much more common in male graduates (10.01%), than in female graduates (1.26%). Among smokers, a significant gender difference was not established Alcohol was, with a probability level (p ≤0.01) consumed much more by male graduates (19.93%) than female graduates (8.01%). A statistically significant linear correlation between variables of systolic and diastolic blood pressure, body mass index, and waist circumference was observed. Risk factors in late adolescents are significantly different when it comes to gender. With a goal of prevention of cardiovascular diseases in high school graduate students, it is imperative to reduce obesity, cigarette smoking, and alcohol consumption, as well as implementation of regular physical activity.
Key words: High school graduates, risk factors, hypertension, obesity, cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption
Full Text:
PDFReferences
World Health Organization. Regional office for Europe. European mortality database (MDB). 2015. http://data.euro.who.int/hfamdb/
Waldman A, Koschizke JW, Leitzmann C, Hahn A. German vegan study: diet, life-style factors, and cardiovascular risk profile. Ann Nutr Metab 2005; 49:366–372.
Edler J, James AD. Understanding the emergence of new science and technology policies: Policy entrepreneurship, agenda setting and the development of the European framework programme. Res Policy 2015; 44:1252–1265.
Willemse PM, Burggraaf J, Hamdy NAT, Osanto S. Reply: ‘Comment on prevalence of the metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease risk in chemotherapy-treated testicular germ cell tumour survivors'. Br J Cancer. 2013; 109:2503–2504.
Ilić S. Internal medicine. Prosveta: Niš, 2004. (Serbian)
Waloszek JM, Byrne L, Woods MJ, et al. Early physiological markers of cardiovascular risk in community based adolescents with a depressive disorder. J Affect Disord 2015; 175:403–410.
Amruth M, Mullick S, Balakrishna AG, Prabhudeva MC. Assessment of awareness about cardiovascular disease risk factors and association between overweight and family history of cardiovascular disease among first-year medical students of a medical college in Karnataka. Int J Med Sci Public Health 2015; 4:92–96.
Melsom T, Fuskevåg OM, Mathisen UD, et al. Estimated GFR is biased by non-traditional cardiovascular risk factors. Am J Nephrol 2015; 41:7–15.
Ružić A, Zaputović L. Arterial hypertension in urgent medicine: clinical approach, epidemiology, etiology and the fundamentals of treatment. In: Perić J (ed) Zbornik predavanja i sažetaka XVI Kongresa hrvatske udruge djelatnika hitne medicinske pomoći s međunarodnim sudjelovanjem. Vinkovci, 2012; pp 64–65. (Croatian)
Poljičanin T, Erceg M. On the occasion of World Health Day 2013. Hypertension. HČJZ 2013; 9:1–3. (Croatian)
Zaputović L. Hypertension optimal treatment. Medix 2006; 1:
–84.
Selthofer-Relatić K, Drenjančević I. Risk factors for chronic heart failure. Medix 2014; 20:84–88.
Stojanović D, Višnjić A, Mitrović V, Stojanović M. Risk factors for the occurrence of cardovascular system diseases in students. Vojnosanit Pregl 2009; 66:453–458.
Musil V. Risk factors of elevated arterial blood pressure among school children and adolescents, PhD thesis. Sveučilište Zagreb, 2014. (Croatian)
Ružić A, Zaputović L. Obesity and cardiovascular health. Cardiol Croat 2014; 9:426. (Croatian)
Kukić M. Adolescent obesity - risk and resistance factors, PhD thesis. Sveučilište Zagreb, 2013. (Croatian)
Kukić M, Vulić-Prtorić A. Differences among adolescents given the level of nutrition. In: Slišković A (ed) Sažetci priopćenja XIX Dani psihologije, Zadar, 2014; p 204. (Croatian)
Nola IA, Doko Jelinić J, Bergovec M, Ružić A, Persić V. Dietary habits and cardiovascular diseases. Acta Med Croat 2010; 64:89‒95. (Croatian)
Pavić E, Uroić V, Rojnić P, et al. Obesity in children: a view of the clinic versus approach in practice. Paediatr Croat 2014; 58:228–232. (Croatian)
Carević V, Rumboldt M, Rumboldt Z. Coronary heart disease risk factors in Croatia and worldwide: results of the interheart study. Acta Med Croat 2007; 61:299–306. (Croatian)
Kelishadi R, Mirmoghtadaee P, Najafi H, Keikha M. Systematic review on the association of abdominal obesity in children and adolescents with cardio-metabolic risk factors. J Res Med Sci 2015; 125:104–119.
Hays JT, Ebbert JO, Sood A. Treating tobacco dependence in light of the 2008 US department of health and human services clinical practice guideline. Mayo Clin Proc 2009; 84:730–735.
Milošević M, Mustajbegović J, Abdović S, Šulentić P, Pucarin-Cvetković P. Relationship of regional alcohol drinking habit and cardiovascular risk factors in Croatia. Acta Med Croat 2007; 61:275–279. (Croatian)
Edwards AC, Maes HH, Prescott CA, Kendler KS. Multiple mechanisms influencing the relationship between alcohol consumption and peer alcohol use. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2015; 39: 324–332.
Medina C, Barquera S, Katzmarzyk PT, Janssen I. Physical activity during recess among 13–14 year old Mexican girls. BMC Pediatrics 2015; 15:17. http://bmcpediatr.biomedcentral.
com/articles/10.1186/s12887-015-0329-4
Ridgers ND, Salmon J, Parrish AM, Stanley RM, Okely AD. Physical activity during school recess: a systematic review. Am J Prev Med 2012; 43:320–328.
Martinez-Gomez D, Veiga OL, Zapatera B, Gomez-Martinez S, Martinez D, Marcos A. Physical activity during high school recess in Spanish adolescents: the AFINOS study. J Phys Act Health 2014; 11:1194–1201.
He L, Ishii K, Shibata A, Adachi M, Nonoue K, Oka K. Patterns of physical activity outside of school time among Japanese junior high school students. J Sch Health 2013; 83:623–630.
Demment M, Wells, N, Olson C. Rural middle school nutrition and physical activity environments and the change in body mass index during adolescence. J School Health 2015; 85:100–108.
Banjade B, Naik VA. Narasannavar A. Prevalence of obesity and its risk factors among Pre-University college adolescents of Belgaum city, Karnataka. IOSR-JDMS 2014; 13:56–60.
Gonzalez-Casanova I, Sarmiento OL, et al. Comparing three body mass index classification systems to assess overweight and obesity in children and adolescents. Rev Panam Salud Publica 2013; 33:349‒355.
Bustamante A, Freitas D, Pan H, Katzmarzyk PT, Maia J. Centile curves and reference values for height, body mass, body mass index and waist circumference of Peruvian children and adolescents. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2015; 12:2905–2922.
Pérez-Escamilla, R, Obbagy J, et al. Dietary energy density and body weight in adults and children: A systematic review J Acad Nutr Diet 2012; 112: 671–684.
Moe B, Augestad LB, Flanders WD, Dalen H, Nilsen TI. The adverse association of diabetes with risk of first acute myocardial infarction is modified by physical activity and body mass index: prospective data from the HUNT study, Norway. Diabetologia 2015; 58:59–66.
Ornello R, Ripa P, Pistoia F, et al. Migraine and body mass index categories: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. J Headache Pain 2015; 16:27. http://www.
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4385329/
Perk J, De Backer G, Gohlke G, et al. European guedelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice (version 2012) – The fifth joint task force of the European society of cardiology and other societies on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice (constituted of nine societies and by invited experts). Eur Heart J 2012; 33:1635–1701.
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
© University of Niš, Serbia
Creative Commons licence CC BY-NC-ND
ISSN 0354-4699 (Print)
ISSN 2406-050X (Online)