THE INFLUENCE OF LIFTING STRAPS ON ISOMETRIC BACK EXTENSOR MUSCLE STRENGTH MECHANICAL CARACTHERISTICS: A STUDY OF POWERLIFTERS

Aleksandar Rajković, David Nikolić, Marko Smrkić, Nevena Vukadinović, Milivoj Dopsaj

DOI Number
https://doi.org/10.22190/FUPES231117007R
First page
075
Last page
085

Abstract


The aim of this study was to investigate how lifting straps affect isometric back extensors muscle strength. The participants were divided according to gender and training level: trained – powerlifters (n = 17) and control – a specifically non-trained group (n = 24). For the purposes of this study, the maximum voluntary contraction of the back extensors was measured in isometric conditions in the isometric back extension exercise. After a 5-minute standard and specific warm-up, the participants had three trials each with lifting straps and without lifting straps, with a break of 2 minutes between trials. They were given the verbal instruction "pull as hard and fast as possible” and hold for 2 to 3 seconds. Repeated measures ANOVA showed a general statistically significant difference (p<0.05) between testing procedures (classical and straps). A paired samples t-test was used to determine differences between maximal and explosive strength variables. Then, the percentage difference (Δ) of all variables (Fmax - maximal force, RFDmax - maximal rate of force development, tFmax - time needed to reach maximal force, tRFDmax - time for maximal rate of force development) was calculated using the formula: Fmax_Δ  = ((Fmax_straps - Fmax_class) / Fmax_class) *100. Differences in the maximum isometric back extension force (Fmax) were found in both groups (powerlifter males - p = 0.004, females - p = 0.019 and control group males - p = 0.018, females – p = 0.001), while differences in tFmax were observed only in the control group (males – p = 0.001 and females - p = 0.000). The results showed that lifting straps have a positive effect in measuring supra-maximal isometric strength (averaged enhancement was 15.93±4.58% regardless of gender and training status), and can potentially be used in a methodological sense to determine the objective values of the biological contractile potential in terms of maximum strength, in pulling type of exercises that include a hand grip (the deadlift, lat pull down, mid-thigh pull test).

Keywords

resistance training, rate of force development, testing

Full Text:

PDF

References


Abernethy, P., Wilson, G., & Logan, P. (1995). Strength and power assessment: issues, controversies and challenges. Sports medicine, 19, 401-417.

Beggs, L. A. (2011). Comparison of muscle activation and kinematics during the deadlift using a double‐pronated and overhand/underhand grip.Bird, S., & Barrington-Higgs, B. (2010). Exploring the deadlift. Strength & Conditioning Journal, 32(2), 46-51.

Comfort, P., Dos' Santos, T., Beckham, G. K., Stone, M. H., Guppy, S. N., & Haff, G. G. (2019). Standardization and methodological considerations for the isometric midthigh pull. Strength & Conditioning Journal, 41(2), 57-79.

Comfort, P., Jones, P. A., McMahon, J. J., & Newton, R. (2015). Effect of knee and trunk angle on kinetic variables during the isometric midthigh pull: Test–retest reliability. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 10(1), 58-63.

Coswig, V. S., Freitas, D. F. M., Gentil, P., Fukuda, D. H., & Del Vecchio, F. B. (2015). Kinematics and kinetics of multiple sets using lifting straps during deadlift training. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 29(12), 3399-3404.

Dopsaj, M., Milosevic, M., & Blagojevic, M. (2000). An Analysis of the Reliability and Factoral Validity of Selected Muscle Force Mechanical Characteristics during Isometric. In ISBS-Conference Proceedings Archive.

Dopsaj, M., Zuoziene, I. J., Milić, R., Cherepov, E., Erlikh, V., Masiulis, N., di Nino, A., & Vodičar, J. (2020). Body Composition in International Sprint Swimmers: Are There Any Relations with Performance? International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(24), 9464. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17249464

Dopsaj, M., Klisarić, D., Kapeleti, M., Ubović, M., Rebić, N., Piper, D., Trikoš, B., Stanchić, D., Samarđić, N., Rajković, A., Nikolić, D., Nikolić, M., Vasiljević, M., & Božović, B. (2022, December 9). Reliability and differences between the classic and impulsive model of isometric testing in the expression of maximal and explosive strength: A pilot study. Физичка Култура. https://doi.org/10.5937/fizkul75-39013

Dopsaj, M., Nenasheva, A. V., Tretiakova, T. N., Surina-Marysheva, E. F., Marković, S., & Dopsaj, V. (2019). Handgrip muscle force characteristics with general reference values at Chelyabinsk and Belgrade students. Человек. Спорт. Медицина, 19(2), 27-36.

Dos' Santos, T., Thomas, C., Jones, P. A., McMahon, J. J., & Comfort, P. (2017). The effect of hip joint angle on isometric midthigh pull kinetics. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 31(10), 2748-2757.

Elkins, E. A. (2020). Effect of Lifting Straps on Peak Force During an Isometric Mid-thigh Pull.

Fleck, S. J., & Kraemer, W. (2014). Designing resistance training programs, 4E. Human Kinetics.

Gollhofer, A. (2008). Muscle mechanics and neural control. Handbook of Biomechanics and Human Movement Science. London: Routledge International Handbooks, 83-91.

Garhammer, J. (1993). A review of power output studies of Olympic and powerlifting: Methodology, performance prediction, and evaluation tests. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 7(2), 76-89.

Haff, G. G., Carlock, J. M., Hartman, M. J., Kilgore, J. L., Kawamori, N., Jackson, J. R., ... & Stone, M. H. (2005). Force--time curve characteristics of dynamic and isometric muscle actions of elite women olympic weightlifters. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 19(4), 741-748.

Haff, G. G., Ruben, R. P., Lider, J., Twine, C., & Cormie, P. (2015). A comparison of methods for determining the rate of force development during isometric midthigh clean pulls. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 29(2), 386-395.

Haff, G. G., & Triplett, N. T. (Eds.). (2015). Essentials of strength training and conditioning 4th edition. Human kinetics.

Haff, G. G., Stone, M., O'Bryant, H. S., Harman, E., Dinan, C., Johnson, R., & Han, K. H. (1997). Force-time dependent characteristics of dynamic and isometric muscle actions. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 11(4), 269-272.

Häkkinen, K. E. I. J. O., & Komi, P. V. (1983). Electromyographic changes during strength training and detraining. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 15(6), 455-460.

Hori, N., Appleby, B., Andrews, W., & Nosaka, K. (2010). The effect of lifting straps on peak velocity, force, and power during clean pull.

IPF. International Powerlifting Federation. http://www.powerlifting-ipf.com/ (accessed 27 October 2023).

Jaric, S. (2002). Muscle strength testing: use of normalisation for body size. Sports medicine, 32, 615-631.

Jones, D. A., & Rutherford, O. M. (1987). Human muscle strength training: the effects of three different regimens and the nature of the resultant changes. The Journal of physiology, 391(1), 1-11.

Marković, S., Dopsaj, M., Koprivica, V., & Kasum, G. (2018). Qualitative and quantitative evaluation of the characteristics of the isometric muscle force of different muscle groups in cadet judo athletes: A gender-based multidimensional model. Facta Universitatis, Series: Physical Education and Sport, 245-260.

Massy-Westropp, N.M., Gill, T.K., Taylor, A.W. et al. Hand Grip Strength: age and gender stratified normative data in a population-based study. BMC Res Notes 4, 127 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1186/1756-0500-4-127

Moritani, T., & DeVries, H. A. (1979). Neural factors versus hypertrophy in the time course of muscle strength gain. American journal of physical medicine & rehabilitation, 58(3), 115-130.

Narici, M. V., Roi, G. S., Landoni, L., Minetti, A. E., & Cerretelli, P. (1989). Changes in force, cross-sectional area and neural activation during strength training and detraining of the human quadriceps. European journal of applied physiology and occupational physiology, 59, 310-319.

Pratt, J., Hoffman, A., Grainger, A., & Ditroilo, M. (2020). Forearm electromyographic activity during the deadlift exercise is affected by grip type and sex. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology, 53, 102428.

Ratamess, N. A., Faigenbaum, A. D., Mangine, G. T., Hoffman, J. R., & Kang, J. (2007). Acute muscular strength assessment using free weight bars of different thickness. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 21(1), 240-244.

Rimmer, J. H. (2001). Resistance training for persons with physical disabilities. Resistance training for health and rehabilitation. Champaign: Human Kinetics, 321-45.

Stanković, D., Kocić, M., Milenković, S., & Bubanj, S. (2021). Reliability of tests for measuring isometric force of the muscles while shooting in basketball. Facta Universitatis, Series: Physical Education and Sport, 567-575.

Swinton, P. A., Stewart, A. D., Keogh, J. W., Agouris, I., & Lloyd, R. (2011). Kinematic and kinetic analysis of maximal velocity deadlifts performed with and without the inclusion of chain resistance. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 25(11), 3163-3174.

Swinton, P. A., Stewart, A., Agouris, I., Keogh, J. W., & Lloyd, R. (2011). A biomechanical analysis of straight and hexagonal barbell deadlifts using submaximal loads. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 25(7), 2000-2009.

Trahey, K. M., Lapp, E. M., Talipan, T. N., Guydan, T. J., Krupka, A. J., & Ellis, C. E. (2023). The Effect of Lifting Straps on Deadlift Performance in Females. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 37(10), 1924-1928.

Trivedi, J., Sheth, S., Siddiqui, A., & Kuswaha, A. (2022). Comparison of grip strength between calisthenic athletes, power lifters, bodybuilders and boxers: A cross-sectional study. International Journal of Physiology, Nutrition and Physical Education, 7(2), 293-297.




DOI: https://doi.org/10.22190/FUPES231117007R

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


ISSN   1451-740X (Print)

ISSN   2406-0496 (Online)