AUDITORS’ TENDENCY TO ISSUE GOING CONCERN OPINIONS: EVIDENCE FROM SERBIAN CAPITAL MARKET
Abstract
This study investigates possible going concern issues in listed companies in the foreseeable future by analyzing the opinions presented in auditors’ reports covering the period 2021-2023. We use descriptive analysis to conclude that auditor reporting on going concern in the Republic of Serbia is below the level typical for developed economies. The dominant share of other audit firms, those outside the Big 4 group, and consequently the fear of legal costs and loss of reputation may be the reasons why auditors in most cases do not modify their going concern opinions. We analyze all paragraphs of the auditor’s report in which auditors point to the circumstances that caused the crisis in companies, and find that the most frequently mentioned indicators are net loss, accumulated loss and over-indebtedness. Furthermore, we include modified audit opinions based on other key issues in financial statements in the analysis, and conclude that the share of modifications is significantly above the average in developed economies. In this way, we further shed light on financial reporting in the Republic of Serbia and confirm that efforts to improve it are yet to come.
Keywords
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Alexeyeva, I., & Sundgren, S. (2022). Do going concern disclosures in the management report and audit report signal bankruptcy risk? Evidence from privately held firms. International Journal of Auditing, 26, 171-192. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijau.12257
Altman, E. I., & McGough, T. (1974). Evaluation of a Company as a Going Concern. Journal of Accountancy, 138, 50-57.
Arnedo, L., Lizarraga, F., Sánchez, S., & Ruiz, E. (2012). Las expectativas del usuario ante la salvedad al principio de empresa en funcionamiento. Evidencia empírica del fenómeno de la profecía autocumplida para el caso español [User’s Expectations Before Audit Going Concern Opinions. Empirical Evidence of Self-Fulfilling Prophecy in the Spanish Case]. Revista Española de Financiación y Contabilidad, 41(154), 263-289. https://doi.org/10.1080/02102412.2012.10779725
Barać, Ž., Vuko, T., & Šodan, S. (2017). What can auditors tell us about accounting manipulations?. Managerial Auditing Journal, 32(8), 788-809. https://doi.org/10.1108/MAJ-03-2017-1534
Berglund, N. R., Eshleman, J. D., & Guo, P. (2018). Auditor size and going concern reporting. Auditing: A Journal of Practice and Theory, 37(2), 1–25. https://doi.org/10.2308/ajpt-51786
Carson, E., Fargher, N., & Zhang, Y. (2016). Trends in auditor reporting in Australia: A synthesis and opportunities for research. Australian Accounting Review, 26(3), 226-242. https://doi.org/10.1111/auar.12124
Casterella, J. R., Lewis, B. L., & Walker, P. L. (2000). Modeling the audit opinions issued to bankrupt companies: a two‐ stage empirical analysis. Decision Sciences, 31 (2), 507- 530. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5915.2000.tb01632.x
Choo, F. (1996). Auditors’ Knowledge Content and Judgment Performance: A Cognitive Script Approach. Accounting, Organizations and Society, 21(4), 339-359. https://doi.org/10.1016/0361-3682(95)00048-8
Chu, L., Fogel-Yaari, H. & Zhang, P. (2024). The estimated propensity to issue going concern audit reports and audit quality. Journal of Accounting, Auditing & Finance, 39(2), 589-613. https://doi.org/10.1177/0148558X221079011
Coello, K., Keohane, S., & Pupecki, M. (2024). Going Concerns: A 20-Year Review. Audit Analytics. Available at: https://www.auditanalytics.com/
Decker, J. (2015). Serbia – Report on the Observance of Standards and Codes (ROSC) on accounting and auditing: update (English). Washington, D. C.: World Bank Group. Available at: https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail/557921479710152064
Desai, V., Desai, R., Kim, J. W. & Raghunandan, K. (2020). Are going‐concern issues disclosed in audit reports associated with subsequent bankruptcy? Evidence from the United States. International Journal of Auditing, 24(1), 131-144. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijau.12183
European Union (2014). Directive 2014/56/EU of the European Parliament and the Council of 16 April 2014 amending Directive 2006/43/EC on statutary audits of annual accounts and consolidated accounts. Brussels: European Union.
Gallizo, J. L., & Saladrigues, R. (2016). An analysis of determinants of going concern audit opinion: Evidence from Spain stock exchange. Intangible Capital, 12(1), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.3926/ic.683
He, K., Pan, X., Tian, Y. & Wu, Y. (2024). Political Turnover and Audit Opinion: Evidence from China. Auditing: A Journal of Practice & Theory, 43(4), 87-113. https://doi.org/10.2308/AJPT-2022-025
IAASB (2015a). International Standard on Auditing (ISA) 570 (Revised), Going Concern. International Auditing and Assurance Standards Board.
IAASB (2015b). International Standard on Auditing (ISA) 701, Communicating Key Audit Matters in the Independent Auditor’s Report. International Auditing and Assurance Standards Board.
Jakšić, D., Mijić, K., & Andrić, M. (2012). Analysis of variations in the performance of audit firms in the Republic of Serbia. Economic Annals, 57(193), 71-91. https://doi.org/10.2298/EKA1293071J
Kaya, H. P. (2017). A study on reasons of modified audit opinions in Turkey. In: Tüfekci, N. (Ed.), 6th International Conference of Strategic Research in Social Science and Education 2017 (pp. 170-186). Prague, Czech Republic.
Kitiwong, W., & Srijunpetch, S. (2018). Auditor choices and audit fees: Do clients select their audit firms or do audit firms choose their clients. Journal of accounting professions, 14, 107-128.
Laitinen, E. K., & Laitinen, T. (2020). Why Does an Auditor Not Issue a Going Concern Opinion for a Failing Company? Impact of Financial Risk, Time to Bankruptcy, and Cognitive Style. Theoretical Economics Letters, 10, 131-153. https://doi.org/10.4236/tel.2020.101009
LaSalle, R., & Anandarajan, A. (1996). Auditors’ Views on the Type of Audit Report Issued to Entities with Going Concern Uncertainties. Accounting Horizons, 10(2), 51-72.
Law on Audit („Off. Herarld of the Republic of Serbia“, No. 73/2019).
Law on Bankruptcy („Off. Herarld of the Republic of Serbia“, Nos. 104/2009, 99/2011 – other law, 71/2012, 83/2014, 113/2017, 44/2018 and 95/2018).
Le Vourch, J., & Morand, P. (2011). Study on the effects of the implementation of the acquis on statutory audits of annual and consolidated accounts including the consequences on the audit market. Paris: ESCP Europe.
Malinić, D. (2023). Posledice pandemije COVID-19 na performanse privrede Republike Srbije [Consequences of Covid-19 Pandemic on the Performance of the Economy of Serbia]. In: Dimitrijević, D., Lalević Filipović, A. & Spasić, D. (Eds.), Računovodstvena znanja kao činilac ekonomskog i društvenog napretka (pp. 3-18). Kragujevac: Ekonomski fakultet Univerziteta u Kragujevcu.
Mareque, M., López-Corrales, F., & Pedrosa, A. (2017). Audit reporting for going concern in Spain during the global financial crisis. Economic Research – Ekonomska istraživanja, 30(1), 154-183. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1331677X.2017.1305787
Menon, K., & Schwartz, K. (1987). An Empirical Investigation of Audit Qualification Decisions in the Presence of Going Concern Uncertainties. Contemporary Accounting Research, 3(2), 302-315. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1911-3846.1987.tb00640.x
Mutchler, J. F. (1985). A Multivariate Analysis of the Auditor’s Going-Concern Opinion Decision. Journal of Accounting Research, 23(2), 668-682. https://doi.org/10.2307/2490832
Pham, D. H. (2022). Determinants of going-concern audit opinions: Evidence from Vietnam stock exchange-listed companies. Cogent Economics & Finance, 10(1), 2145749. https://doi.org/10.1080/23322039.2022.2145749
Rahman, J., Zhu, H., & Jiang, X. (2024). Family firms, client importance, and auditor reporting behavior: Evidence from China. Meditari accountancy research, 32(2), 543-578. https://doi.org/10.1108/medar-08-2022-1787
Rosner, R. L. (2003). Earnings manipulation in failing firms. Contemporary Accounting
Research, 20(2), 361-408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1506/8EVN-9KRB-3AE4-EE81
Škarić Jovanović, K., & Spasić, D. (2022). Specijalni bilansi [Special-Purpose Financial Statements]. Beograd: CID Ekonomskog fakulteta u Beogradu.
Stojanović, J. (2024). Analiza mišljenja nezavisnih revizora o finansijskim izveštajima preduzeća u Republici Srbiji [Analysis of Independent Auditors’ Opinions on Financial Statements of Enterprises in the Republic of Serbia]. In: Jovković, B., Čupić, M., Atanasovski, A. & Radić, S. (Eds.), Računovodstvena znanja kao činilac ekonomskog i društvenog napretka (pp. 225-239). Kragujevac: Ekonomski fakultet Univerziteta u Kragujevcu.
Sundgren, S., & Svanstrom, T. (2014). Auditor-in-charge characteristics and going-concern reporting. Contemporary Accounting Research, 31(2), 531-550. https://doi.org/10.1111/1911-3846.12035
Todorović, M. (2023). Poslovno i finansijsko restrukturiranje preduzeća [Operational and Financial Restructuring of Enterprises]. Beograd: CID Ekonomskog fakulteta u Beogradu.
Todorović, M., & Vučković Milutinović, S. (2025). Revizija [Auditing]. Beograd: CID Ekonomskog fakulteta u Beogradu.
Vlaović Begović, S., & Bonić, Lj. (2020). Developing a model to predict corporate bankruptcy using decision tree in the Republic of Serbia. Facta Universitatis, Series: Economics and Organization, 17(2), 127-139. https://doi.org/10.22190/FUEO191118010V
Vlaović Begović, S., Tomašević, S., & Momčilović, M. (2022). External audit in the function of providing assurance in the correctness of the assumptions about the going concern assumption. BizInfo (Blace) Journal of Economics, Management and Informatics, 13(1), 49-55. https://doi.org/10.5937/bizinfo2201049V
Vučković Milutinović, S. (2018). Novi model revizorskog izveštaja posmatran kroz prizmu izmenjenih međunarodnih standarda revizije i regulative EU [The New Model of Audit Report Viewed Through the Prism of Revised International Standards on Auditing and EU Regulations]. Računovodstvo, 1-2, 174-189.
Vučković Milutinović, S. (2019). Analysis of modifications to auditor’s opinion on financial statements of listed companies in Serbia. Ekonomika preduzeća, 67(3-4), 212-223. https://doi.org/10.5937/EKOPRE1904212V
Winarta, W., & Kuntadi, C. (2022). Literature Review: the Effect of Company Size, Company Growth, and Company Liquidity on Going Concern Audit Opinion. Dinasti International Journal of Economics, Finance and Accounting, 3(4), 430-437. https://doi.org/10.38035/dijefa.v3i4
Wyrobek, J., & Stańczyk, Z. (2015). Manipulation of financial statements in the Polish accounting and role of financial audit in their detection. Journal of Economics and Finance, 23, 107-148. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2649021
Zdolšek, D., Jagrič, T., & Kolar, I. (2022). Auditor’s going-concern opinion prediction: the case of Slovenia. Economic Research – Ekonomska istraživanja, 35(1), 106-121. https://doi.org/10.1080/1331677X.2021.1888766
https://www.apr.gov.rs/
https://www.belex.rs/
DOI: https://doi.org/10.22190/FUEO250218003S
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
© University of Niš, Serbia
Creative Commons License CC BY-NC-ND
ISSN 0354-4699 (Print)
ISSN 2406-050X (Online)