ADAPTIVE CHANGES IN BODY COMPOSITION UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF THE CORE BODY BALL PILATES TRAINING
Abstract
Body composition is a fitness component closely associated with health and the efficiency of sports performance, making it an integral aspect of research in sports medicine sciences. Implementing appropriate training programs results in suitable physiological adaptations and a notable enhancement in body composition. This study determined the effectiveness of a 10-week body core training conducted on а Pilates ball on the body composition of adolescent non-athletes. The sample of 48 respondents was randomly divided into an experimental (n=24) and a control group (n=24.) The experimental group performed the ball Pilates program twice a week during regular physical education classes, while the control group carried out a standard physical and health education program. The experimental program consisted of balanced sitting exercises, stabilization endurance exercises, and dynamic exercises on a Pilates ball to strengthen the trunk stabilizer muscles. Before the beginning and at the end of the experimental period, the absolute and relative values of the body fat mass and the absolute values of the skeletal muscle mass were measured in both groups of participants. Statistically significant improvements and moderate effects were determined in all body composition parameters within the experimental group when the final measurements were compared to the initial ones. In the control group of respondents, improvements were only numerical and did not reach statistical significance. At the final measurement, statistically significant differences and moderate effects of the experimental treatment in skeletal muscle and body fat mass were determined. The findings of the study confirm the effectiveness of core body training on a Pilates ball in enhancing the body composition of adolescent non-athletes.
Keywords
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Ayers, S.F., & Sariscsany, M.J. (2010). Physical education for lifelong fitness: The physical best teacher's guide (3rd ed.). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
Aksen-Cengizhan, P., Onay, D., Sever, O., & Doğan, A.A. (2018). A comparison between core exercises with theraband and swiss ball in terms of core stabilization and balance performance. Isokinetics and Exercise Science, 26(3), 183-191.
Akuthota, V., Ferreiro, A., Moore, T., & Fredericson, M. (2008). Core stability exercise principles. Current Sports Medicine Reports, 7(1), 39-44. doi.org/10.1097/01.CSMR.0000308663.13278.69
Anant, S. K., & Venugopal, R. (2021). Effect of eight-week core muscles strength training on physical fitness and body composition variables in male players of team games. Revista Andaluza de Medicina del Deporte, 14(1), 17-23. doi:10.33155/j. ramd. 2020.06.001
Badimon, L., Padro, T., & Vilahur, G. (2012). Atherosclerosis, platelets and thrombosis in acute ischaemic heart disease. European Heart Journal. Acute Cardiovascular Care, 1(1), 60-74.
Bayrakdar, A., Demirhan, B., & Zorba, E. (2019). The effect of calisthenics exercises of performed on stable and unstable ground on body fat percentage and performance in swimmers. Manas Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 8(3), 2979-2992.
Behm, D.G., Drinkwater, E.J., Willardson, J.M., & Cowley, P.M. (2010). Canadian Society for Exercise Physiology position stand: The use of instability to train the core in athletic and nonathletic conditioning. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism, 35(1), 109–112.
Bompa, T.O. (2009). Theory and methodology of training (5th ed). Champagn, IL: Human Kinetics.
Buttichak, A., Leelayuwat, N., Bumrerraj, S., & Boonprakob, Y. (2019). The effects of a yoga training program with fit ball on the physical fitness and body composition of overweight or obese women. Asia-Pacific Journal of Science and Technology, 24(2), APST–24.
Cakmakçi, O. (2011). The effect of 8-week pilates exercise on body composition in obese women. Collegium Antropologicum, 35(4), 1045-1050.
Clark, M. A., Lucett, S. C., McGill, E., Montel, I., & Sutton, B. G. (2018). NASM essentials of personal fitness training (6th ed.). Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning.
Ferguson, C.J. (2009). An effect size primer: A guide for clinicians and researchers. Professional Psychology. Research and Practice, 40 (5), 532–538.
Forbes G. B. (1987). Lean body mass-body fat interrelationships in humans. Nutrition Reviews, 45(8), 225–231.
Gurtner, K. (2014). Contemporary Pilates: Pilates flow pelvic flow focus & repertoire. Retrieved from https://www.art-of-motion.com/public/downloads/Publications/EN/art-of-motion_Pilates-Flow_course-manual.pdf
Heyward, V.H., & Wagner, D.R. (2004). Applied body composition assessment (2nd ed.). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
Jakicic, J. M., Clark, K., Coleman, E., Donnelly, J. E., Foreyt, J., Melanson, E., Volek, J., Volpe, S. L., & American College of Sports Medicine (2001). American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Appropriate intervention strategies for weight loss and prevention of weight regain for adults. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 33(12), 2145–2156. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200112000-00026
Khajehlandi, M., & Mohammadi, R. (2021). The effect of Pilates training on body composition, lipid profile, and serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D levels in inactive overweight women. Zahedan Journal of Research in Medical Sciences, 23(2), 1-5.
Khazem, S., Itani, L., Kreidieh, D., El Masri, D., Tannir, H., Citarella, R., & El Ghoch, M. (2018). Reduced lean body mass and cardiometabolic diseases in adult males with overweight and obesity: A pilot study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(12), 2754. doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15122754
Lago-Fuentes, C., Rey, E., Padrón-Cabo, A., Sal de Rellán-Guerra, A., Fragueiro-Rodríguez, A., & García-Núñez, J. (2018). Effects of core strength training using stable and unstable surfaces on physical fitness and functional performance in professional female futsal players. Journal of Human Kinetics, 65, 213-224.
Lee, E., Kim, G., & Lee., S. (2016). Comparison of aerobic exercise and combination exercise program on overall physical fitness and mental health in 20 aged subjects with obesity. Journal of The Korean Society of Physical Medicine, 11,89-96. doi.org/10.13066/kspm.2016.11.3.89
McCarthy, H. D., Samani-Radia, D., Jebb, S. A., & Prentice, A. M. (2014). Skeletal muscle mass reference curves for children and adolescents. Pediatric Obesity, 9(4), 249-259.
Marques de Sà, J. P. (2007). Applied Statistics Using SPSS, STATISTICA, MATLAB and R (2nd ed.). [SpringerLink version]. Retrieved from https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/bfm%3A978-3-540-71972-4%2F1.pdf
Olson, M., Williford, H., Martin, R., Ellis, M., Woolen, E., & Esco, M. (2004). The energy cost of a basic, intermediate, and advanced Pilates’ mat workout. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 36(5), 357.
Park, S.K., Lee, K.S., Heo, S.J., & Jee, Y.S. (2021). Effect of high intensity plank exercise on physical fitness and immunocyte function in a middle-aged man: A case report. Midicina Kaunas Lithuania, 57(8), 845.
Park, D.J. & Park, S.Y. (2019). Which trunk exercise most effectively activates abdominal muscles? A comparative study of plank and isometric bilateral leg raise exercises. The Journal of Back and Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation, 32, 797-802.
Pavlica, T., & Rakić, R. (2019). Human biology. Novi Sad: Faculty of sciences, Department of biology and ecology.
Prado, C. M., Purcell, S. A., Alish, C., Pereira, S. L., Deutz, N. E., Heyland, D. K., Goodpaster, B. H., Tappenden, K. A., & Heymsfield, S. B. (2018). Implications of low muscle mass across the continuum of care: A narrative review. Annals of Medicine, 50(8), 675–693. doi.org/10.1080/07853890.2018.1511918
Prakash, J., James, T., Sivakumar, S., & Dharini, S. (2021). Effectiveness of Swiss ball exercises along with aerobic exercises among college girls with polycystic ovarian syndrome. Journal of Urology, Nephrology and Hepatology Science, 4(2), 34-37.
Raj, A.A. & Pramod, K.G. (2012). Effect of yogasana practices and Swiss ball training on selected body composition of university female students. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Educational Research, 1(3), 213-219.
Ružić, S. (2020). The effects of different exercise programs on health-related fitness in female college students (Doctoral dissertation). Niš: Faculty of Sport and Physical Education.
Segal, N.A., Hein, J., Basford, J.R., 2004. The effects of Pilates training on flexibility and body composition: An observational study. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 85,(12), 1977-1981
Srinivasulu, Y., & Amudhan, E. (2018). Combined effect of plyometric own body resistance and swiss ball training on selected body composition variables of school level volleyball players. Asian Journal of Multidimensional Research, 7(2), 990-994.
Vispute, S.S., Smith, J.D., LeCheminant, J.D., & Hurley, K.S. (2011). The effect of abdominal exercise on abdominal fat. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 25(9), 2559–2564. doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181fb4a46
Vurgun, H., & Edis, C. (2020). Only Swiss ball core exercises can improve of functional movement screen score and core muscle endurance? International Journal of Applied Exercise Physiology, 9(10), 181-187.
Weiner, J.S., & Lourie, J.A. (1981). Practical human biology. London, UK: Academic Press.
Welling, A.A., & Nitsure, P. (2015). Comparative study between mat, swiss ball and theraband exercises on abdominal girth. International Journal оf Physiotherapy аnd Research, 3, 1142-1149.
World Medical Association. (2013). World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects. JAMA: Journal of the American Medical Association, 310(20), 2191–2194.
Wrotniak, B. H., Whalen, R. L., Forsyth, E., & Taylor, M. J. (2001). Effect of an eight-week swiss ball exercise program with a nutrition education component on body composition and cardiovascular fitness in overweight children and adolescents. Pediatric Physical Therapy 13(4), 214-219.
Yaprak, Y. (2018) The effect of core exercise program on motoric skills in young people. International Journal of Sports and Exercise Medicine, 4(4), 108. doi.org/10.23937/2469-5718/1510108
Yaprak, Y., & Küçükkubaş, N. (2020). Gender-related differences on physical fitness parameters after core training exercises: A comparative study. Progress in Nutrition, 22(3), 1-9.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.22190/FUPES231206004A
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
ISSN 1451-740X (Print)
ISSN 2406-0496 (Online)