EDUCATIVE ASPECTS OF DOPING PREVENTION IN SCHOOL-AGED CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS
Abstract
The aim of this study was to provide an overview of doping prevention strategies in school-aged children and adolescents. To preserve the spirit of sport, the Anti-Doping Code requires that each anti-doping organization should develop and implement education and prevention programs for athletes, including the young and support staff. Education programs that encourage respect, equity, and inclusion, are closely related to fairness and should be implemented in school-aged children. The focus on school-aged children is essential, since early adolescence is a critical stage associated with a distorted body image (muscle dysmorphia), which in turn can lead to deliberate use of prohibited substances (mostly androgenic anabolic steroids) or methods. Since adolescents are focused on the "here" and "now", the conception of anti-doping programs should emphasize the adverse effects of doping at the early stage of use, as well as a high probability of health consequences. Encouraging prevention should raise awareness of the recipients about adverse effects, which in turn should produce anti-doping behavior. Moreover, the goal of preventive actions should be the development of self-esteem, which equals the observance of rights and values of other people, and the ability to refuse through the strategy termed "A way to say: No".
Keywords
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Backhouse, S.H., Patterson, L., & McKenna, J. (2012). Achieving the Olympic ideal: Preventing doping in sport. Performance Enhancement and Health, 1(2), 83-85.
Baker, J.H., Higgins Neyland, M., Thornton, L.M., Runfola, C.D., Larsson, H., Lichtenstein, P., et al. (2019). Body dissatisfaction in adolescent boys. Developmental Psychology, 55(7), 1566-1578.
Cerea, S., Bottesi, G., Pacelli, Q.F., Paoli, A., & Ghisi, M. (2018). Muscle dysmorphia and its associated psychological features in three groups of recreational athletes. Scientific Reports, 8(1), 1-8.
Costello, E.J., Egger, H., & Angold, A. (2005). 10-year research update review: the epidemiology of child and adolescent psychiatric disorders: I. Methods and public health burden. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 44(10), 972-986.
Donovan, R.J., Egger, G., Kapernick, V., & Mendoza, J. (2002). A conceptual framework for achieving performance enhancing drug compliance in sport. Sports Medicine, 32(4), 269-284.
Galvan, A. (2017). The neuroscience of adolescence. USA: Cambridge University Press.
Griffiths, S., Jacka, B., Degenhardt, L., Murray, S.B., & Larance, B. (2018). Physical appearance concerns are uniquely associated with the severity of steroid dependence and depression in anabolic-androgenic steroid users. Drug and Alcohol Review, 37(5), 664-670.
Grujičić, R., & Pejović Milovančević, M. (2019). Intervencije kod dece i mladih sa depresijom (Interventions in children with depressive disorder). Preventivna pedijatrija, 6(1-2). In Serbian
Gustafsson, H., Sagar, S.S., & Stenling, A. (2017). Fear of failure, psychological stress, and burnout among adolescent athletes competing in high level sport. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports, 27(12), 2091-2102.
International Olympic Committee (2012). Olympism and the Olympic movement. Retrieved April 27, 2020 from: https://stillmed.olympic.org/media/Document%20Library/OlympicOrg/Documents/Document-Set-Teachers-The-Main-Olympic-Topics/Olympism-and-the-Olympic-Movement.pdf
Jampel, J.D., Murray, S. B., Griffiths, S., & Blashill, A.J. (2016). Self-perceived weight and anabolic steroid misuse among US adolescent boys. Journal of Adolescent Health, 58(4), 397-402.
Kanayama, G., Brower, K.J., Wood, R. I., Hudson, J.I., & Pope Jr, H.G. (2009). Anabolic-androgenic steroid dependence: an emerging disorder. Addiction, 104(12), 1966-1978.
Kersey, R.D., Elliot, D.L., Goldberg, L., Kanayama, G., Leone, J.E., Pavlovich, M., et al. (2012). National Athletic Trainers' Association position statement: Anabolic-androgenic steroids. Journal of Athletic Training, 47(5), 567-588.
Kipke, M.D. (1999). Adolescent development and the biology of puberty. In: B. Fischhoff, N.A. Crowell, & M. Kipke (Eds.), Decision adolescent making-Implications for prevention programs. Summary of a Workshop on New Research. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
Lyras, A., & Hums, M.A. (2009). Sport and social change: The case for gender equality. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation and Dance, 80(1), 7-21.
Mitić, P., & Radovanović, D. (2011). The motives for doping drug use in nonprofessional athletes and methods of prevention. Facta Universitatis Series Physical Education and Sport, 9(2), 203-212.
Mitić, P., & Radovanović, D. (2013). Abuse of anabolic-androgenic steroids - the problem of sport and society. TEME: Časopis za Društvene Nauke, 37(2), 867-880.
Mullen, C., Whalley, B.J., Schifano, F., & Baker, J.S. (2020). Anabolic androgenic steroid abuse in the United Kingdom: An update. British Journal of Pharmacology, 177(10), 2180-2198.
United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization, World Anti Doping Agency, Olympic Foundation for Culture and Heritage, International Council of Sport Science and Physical Education, & Foundation. (2019). Teaching respect, equity and inclusion to 8-12 year-old students. Retrieved April 22, 2020 from: https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000371303. locale=en
World Anti-Doping Agency (2019). The World Anti-Doping Code 2015 with 2019 amendments. Retrieved April 15, 2020 from the World Wide Web: https://www.wada-ama.org/sites/default/files/resources/files/wada_anti-doping_code_2019_english_final_revised_v1_linked.pdf
World Anti-Doping Agency (2020). World Anti-Doping Code, Internatinal Standard, Education. Retrieved May 02, 2020 from the World Wide Web: https://www.wada-ama.org/sites/default/files/resources/files/2021_ise.pdf
DOI: https://doi.org/10.22190/FUPES200520028S
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
ISSN 1451-740X (Print)
ISSN 2406-0496 (Online)